The kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990, ndipo zotsatira zake zandale

The kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990 chinali kusamvana funso German. Iwo linatsegulidwa kuyambira nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse pamene mayiko wopambana sizinafike kuuzidwa maganizo pa tsogolo imene mabacteria awo akale dziko wankhanza. Chifukwa zenizeni izi kuchepa kwa nthawi, zinthu anali ngati kukumana kwa Soviet Union ndi West. Funso German wakhala spawned Kasupe wa mavuto padziko lonse.

Mwachionekere, mu kugwirizana kwa Germany zambiri zandale kodi Pulezidenti wa USSR ndi US, Mikhail Gorbachev ndi George HW Chitsamba Choyaka. Popanda chifuniro cha mayiko awiri, funso mfundo za chikhalidwe ndale sanathe kuthetsedwa. Komabe, atsogoleri a yaikulu mayiko guarantors yekha ankaona akufuna options kusakanikirana. Tikumbukenso kuti wapadera ulemu - kuti kupereka mutu wophiphiritsa wa mmisiri wa ogwirizana Germany, akupereka atsopano amphamvu kwambiri chuma ku Ulaya, iwo uli wandale German Helmut podzikongoletsa m'maso. Mwachidule kumuuza za izo.

Chancellor: "German yogwirizanitsa"

Izi ndi munthu wapadera. Iye anapulumuka Nthawi zinayi: II World nkhondo, chitsitsimutso cha chuma German, chitukuko zazikulu, ndipo potsiriza, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XX wapanga chopereka kwambiri pamene wandale mu reunification la Germany (1990). Chancellor pa mlingo wa maphunziro analandira ndi mavuto ankaona anagonjetsedwa ndi kuwagawa dziko ndi kukhulupirira mu kusonkhana ake m'tsogolo. Komabe, ngakhale poganiza kuti ndondomeko kaphatikizidwe adzakhala zinayamba pompopompo. Osachepera, malinga ndi mfundo zake kale, iye ankakhulupirira kuti mwambo umenewu sizidzachitika mu moyo wake.

Podzikongoletsa m'maso monga mfundo ovomereza-German anali kulenga ndi bwino. atasemphana maganizo ndi Margaret Thatcher, amene anayesa kuti akuchedwa ndondomeko ya mmene ndingathere, kodi iye ulemu.

Germany, amakumbukiridwa monga "Chancellor mgwirizano German." Kuti boma wakhala likulu la gulu, ndi podzikongoletsa m'maso posakhalitsa anakhala Chancellor loyamba la United Germany. Nkhaniyi Cholinga kuunikila kugwirizana kwa Germany monga njira, ndi kusamala mphamvu zake ndi njira zofunika.

mphamvu GDR: bankirapuse andale

anthu Undemocratic, kutsogozedwa ndi inefficiency wa chuma mu mode Buku la GDR chitsanzo 90 ntchentche za m'ma zapitazo zakhala nkhani ya otsutsa ambiri historiography. Mfundo zachuma zambiri ukutchulidwa boma bajeti kuchepekedwa kwa GDR, komanso kukula kwa nongole. Komabe, pamlingo wokulira kukhalako kwa GDR monga boma amaonedwa kuti ndi maziko olimba a zawo pandale. Communist Party mtsogoleri Erich Honecker ndi German ndipo tsopano Eti amatchedwa "Iron Erich."

Iye analalikira umodzi wa lamulo, anali moti zinthu zatsopano. Mfundo ya chikominisi, kuposa zoyembezereka za dziko la Germany. Choncho, chifukwa choyamba cha kuwuka mu gululi GDR anthu anali kuchotsa wake ku mphamvu, 17.10.1989

Komabe, polingalira GDR amaganiza pagulu, ngakhale mapazi wololera olimba bungwe m'malo mwake Egon Krenz, kale anali osamveka.

Prerequisites umodzi

Zaka alipo German Democratic Republic anawerengedwa. N'zoonekeratu kuti kugwirizana kwa Germany sakanakhoza kutenga malo pa mfundo za lotha boma Kapangidwe ka GDR. Izi zinaonetsera:

• zomwe zikutsalirazi kusintha kwa dongosolo la ndale ku malamulo a msika, poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo Soviet (Gorbachev, perestroika), Polish (Mipikisano phwando);
• mapangidwe chenichenicho cha yosadziwika 12.09.2009 chitsutso - kayendedwe "Democracy Lero"
• kunyalanyaza zofuna chachikulu cha kutsutsidwa - ndi kukambirana dziko;
• poyesa njira nkhondo vuto othawa kwawo, ntchito zikalata alendo kwa Germany kudzera Hungary ndi Austria (GDR nzika anakadandaula ku German ofesi ya kazembe lofuna kukhala ndale ndipo analandira chotero);
• kunyalanyaza chifuniro cha anthu kupyolera chisankho akhakula ngalawa oyang'anira tauni unachitikira mu May 1989

Wachibadidwe latsopano Wamkulu Germany

Tikumbukenso kuti, mu m'masiku a prerequisites zili bwino kwambiri kuposa zoyambitsazo. The kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990 unachitikira pa chifuniro cha anthu German, amene anapitiriza kuwamvera ogwirizana mu Republic Federal la Germany ndi German Democratic Republic. Ife, ndithudi, musati kuganizira mawu ena andale kwakukulu (ndiye, iwo ali policy). Ife sitiri chidwi ziwerengero tikunena kusiyana chuma East ndi Germany West, ndi zambiri "kufufuza" wa atolankhani pa nkhaniyi. Mafotokozedwe pa nkhani imeneyi, ife azipereka pomaliza nkhaniyo.

Chinthu chachikulu - winayo; mgwirizano ankafuna pafupifupi onse Germany. Odzilamulira, izi chisamaliro ndondomeko ya maiko wopambana. Pajatu aliyense ankadziwa: watsopano dziko-mtsogoleri adzakhala Europe. Mwamwayi, mantha anatsimikizira zosafunika: watsopano Germany kumayambiriro kwa utsogoleri XXI m'ma tikuitana kusakanikirana European, osati atasemphana.

Kodi Germany okha kuti kuphatikiza?

Pa atolankhani a nthawi kuti nkhani zambiri kuphimba reunification la Germany mu 1990, kufunsira anthu ambiri. Kusanthula zoyankhulanazo ndi Germany okha za maganizo awo kuti mkhalidwe wawo watsopano, tinganene kuti kwakukulukulu ali ndi njira yapadera kwa amatchulira dziko lawo. Ndipo dzina lake, woomba mu anenazi, kodi sizigwirizana ndi msilikali tinatengera kwa Germany.

anthu wamba, osati mawu anaitcha osati monga Great Germany. Komabe, mawu awo izo sadamve kapena kunyada kapena mokwiya. Iwo (ankaona) anati tersely, koma kuchokera mu mtima, ndipo mawu awa kumva chifuniro mgwirizano ndi kuleza anthu a dziko, anadutsa kwambiri mayesero. Anthu awa anali wokonzeka kugwira ntchito ndi moyo m'dziko logwirizana.

Mphamvu ya ndondomeko yogwirizanitsa

Kumene, kuwonongedwa kwa Wall Berlin, amene anali ngati zomveka kupitiriza chiyembekezo chakuti a 11.09.1989, ndi GDR boma liletse akapita ku West Berlin, wakhala chizindikiro cha catalyzing kugwirizana kwa Germany (1990).

Mwachidule, nyumbayi limaimira gulu la Germany. Iwo ku 13.8.1961, iye anali pa wozungulira wa makilomita 165 ndi wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kumbali Malo zokomera German Democratic Republic (konstitutsionalizirovannoy Soviet Occupation Zone) ku West Berlin.

olamulira Choncho zokomera kuti oletsedwa otaya anthu amene ndimalota za moyo m'dziko msika Ndipotu mwayi, anagwira "mbali ina ya dziko Iron Katani" kuti ntchito yomanga mpanda, kuti anapeza kwambiri - za 2 miliyoni anthu ..

Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira masiku nyengo Rubicon ngakhale kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990, ndi chiwonongeko cha mpanda.

Iwo anauzira anthu amtendere mantha. Ndi nzika GDR kufunafuna kulowa "kuvunda dziko la West Berlin" ndipo mwadala poyesa kuthana ndi 5-mita mkulu mpanda ndi waya waminga pamwamba ndi nsanja pamodzi wozungulira wa, popanda anatsegula moto. Kulemba za izo ndi chisoni, koma mbiri ya kukhalapo a malo mu 1065 chodetsedwa ndi imfa ya anthu wamba osalakwa.

Kodi n'zodabwitsa kuti anthu pa mitu amene makumi anayi anali gunners, kotero akufuna awo ufulu?

The chiŵerengero cha mayiko guarantor kwa kuphatikiza limati German

Britain ndi France yokhala kumvetsa kusapeŵeka kwa kusakanikirana German, kuziyika izo modekha, osati kwenikweni inapita kugwirizana kwa Germany (1990). malo m'mayiko 'anali kusanduka kusiya kaye ndondomekoyi.

Mwachitsanzo, nduna British Margaret Thatcher anapereka poyamba chichitike mu GDR msika ofotokoza kusintha yaitali. "The Iron Lady" mobwerezabwereza anatsindika kuti "German Association sanabadwe pa ankafuna kukambirana." Pulezidenti French Fransua Mitteran anali zochepa categorical, ngakhale kuti kukhala kwakukulukulu anakonza kucheza ndi Republic of Germany German Democratic Republic Federal, monga zilili ndi Austria (ndi boma lina German).

Poopa atsogoleri anali ndi maziko. Atachira mphamvu kuti ndi pachiyambi ndi pakati pa XX atumwi anali Mlengi wa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse wayamba mu Europe.

Kodi iwo mantha? Monga kamodzi Karl Marx analemba, Germany - "chilombo amene akufuna repartition dziko la mitundu ya chikoka mu mtima mwawo." Komabe, Chancellor Helmut podzikongoletsa m'maso kenako anakwanitsa kukopa atizungulira okonda mtendere komanso ofuna kumanga prohelsinskoy wamba European udindo watsopano boma German.

The United States kuyambira pachiyambi anaona kuti pambuyo kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990 adzakhala malo atsopano a EU kucheza. dziko lino mosayang'anira ndi odalirika njira angakuthandizeni wa kusakanikirana German. Soviet Union, nayenso sanalenge mavuto kulikonse kwa loto la anthu German.

The ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe

malo zolimbana pa yogwirizanitsa German anali kale anayamba kukondwera naye pa kusaina Pangano, lolamulira ndi kuthetsa lomaliza la funso German.

pangano yosainidwa ndi chilinganizo "4 + 2": West Germany, East Germany, USA, USSR, UK, France. Nkosafuna kusaina zinachitika 31.08.1990, mu Berlin Palace "Unter khola Linden". Zinkakhalira chochitika anasonyeza kuti mwambo wofunika kwambiri pa mapeto a XX atumwi, moyo wa Europe anali reunification la Germany (1990).

Photos wa mitu ya State, komanso anthu pano pa chochitika, amasonyeza kuti "mbiri kupanga" mu mpanda wa m'linga. Inde, cholinga kutsogolera anali kuphatikiza mugwilizano wadziko. Zinali chitsanzo kugwirizana mwa boma lina la chuma awiri osiyana ndi boma likuyendetsera boma.

Pa kugwirizana pangano

Pre ku madera a German lowani pangano kuika Minister za Mkati Volfang Shoyble West Germany ndi Mlembi State wa nyumba yamalamulo wa GDR Günther Krause. Mgwirizanowo weniweniwo litsatira makonzedwe a Article XXIII wa ku German Constitution ndi kugwirizana GDR kwa FRG.

12.09.1990 mu Moscow atumiki a Affairs okhonda wa maiko guarantor anasaina Pangano potsirizira pake linathetsedwa ndondomeko imeneyi.

Motero, malinga ndi mgwirizano, pa 0 maola mphindi 00 za 14.10.1990, mu Republic of Germany Federal analowa mbiri m'mayiko German: m'dera la East Berlin, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg.

The kugwirizana kwa Germany poyerekeza ndi zochitika zina za 1990

A chinthu chidwi - mbiri. kusanthula wake ankakonda Akamatere chidwi.

A nthawi yaitali kupatukana ndi pereosoznaniya boma mawonedwe Germany zofunika patsogolo zolinga chikukwaniritsidwa. Zomwe timapeza yankho, ngati utawafunsa (kutanthauza osati mbali kuchuluka, ndi chitukuko): "? The kugwirizana kwa Germany (1990) pamene kumalo"

Mu chaka, pamene boma la Soviet Union anakhala wolamulira wa woyamba (ndi Qiyama) Pulezidenti, pamene Chiameniya SSR kulengeza nkhondo Azerbayzhanskoy SSR, pamene ulamuliro Mipikisano phwando, pamene Party Communist unatha mu Poland unakhazikitsidwa Yugoslavia (PZPR). Ngati Ulaya anali kuphatikiza njira mu East - differentiating.

mofulumira nthawi. Ayambe kudziona machiritso a chitukuko anthu, "anali kudwala" dziko ndi chikominisi. Ndipo N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ayamba mu Europe. Angamvetse izi ndani, mwachitsanzo, kuti m'zaka za m'ma XXI German mfundo yachilendo adzakhala chinthu ofunika mtendere Europe?

Koma olemba mbiri kuyitana Rubicon European ndi kugwirizana kwa Germany (1990). Zotsatira za chochitika - ndi nzeru zaumunthu: ku Ulaya kale amorphous ndale zitayamba adzagwirizana ndi commonality ena.

Pomaliza

Tafotokoza kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990, anaphunzira monga kuyankhulana ndi Germany okha, komanso Mabaibulo a atolankhani German. Mwatsoka, magwero zoweta zambiri - okondera. Kunachokera poyesa kusiya ntchito ya ubale.

Mwachitsanzo, bulges kutsekedwa wotsatira wa GDR-ovskogo kutsogolera kampaniyo "Robotron" zamagetsi (anapanga, makamaka pa PC choyamba). Pa nthawi yomweyo kubisa chakuti mayunitsi ake anagulidwa ndi kampani "Siemens" imene Adzapeleka zida ndi luso zatsopano, pa dongosolo kukwezedwa mpikisano awo mu dziko.

Nkani mokhudza parishi ya ku East Germany yotsogolera makampani osiyanasiyana, ndipo chilengedwe cha nyumba yatsopano msika (mwachitsanzo, Frankfurt Stock Kusinthanitsa). Chongopeka analenga kuganiza kuti moyo mu GDR inathera ndi inalowa la Republic Federal la Germany kuti anthu ali wachisoni ndi paini kwa sosholisimu.

Koma zoona zake n'zakuti - ndi kukonzanso akuluakulu a makampani lonse la GDR zinachititsa kuti reunification la Germany (1990). Mwachidule wokhutira m'malo mankhwala, nsalu, zitsulo, ntchito m'mayiko zokomera chinayamba mwatsatanetsatane zimango (ndi zodziwika bwino kuti Germany - okonza yopambana), zomangamanga, Optics, magalimoto, adzasowa chakudya. Dongosololi unapangidwa bungwe ndi German mwamphamvu ndi momveka. Kudula ntchito kulipira ubwino, iwo retrained luso latsopano. Anthu akubwera kwa zaka zopuma pantchito, komabe analandira ndalama za penshoni,.

Atamaliza kupereka pepala ili, ife adzasonyeza chikhulupiriro chathu chakuti kugwirizana kwa Germany mu 1990 ndipo zotsatira zake zandale adakali bwinobwino kuphunzira ndi kusanthula kale.